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An Emergency Law was first enacted in Egypt in 1958, as ''Law No. 162 of 1958''.〔(Law 1958/161 (Emergency Law) ) at (EMERglobal Lex ), part of the Edinburgh Middle East Report. Retrieved 2010-04-02.〕 A state of emergency was declared in 1967 during the 1967 Arab-Israeli War which lasted until 1980.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Law 1958/162 (Emergency Law) )〕 After a break of 18 months, a state of emergency was reimposed following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat in 1981, and was repeatedly extended every three years. The continuous state of emergency was one of the grievances of demonstrators giving raise to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. After Hosni Mubarak was deposed, the Emergency Law expired on 31 May 2012 and with it the state of emergency, two weeks before the second round of voting in Egypt's 2012 presidential election. On 13 June 2012, the military government imposed ''de facto'' martial law (extending the arrest powers of security forces). The Justice Ministry issued a decree giving military officers authority to arrest civilians and try them in military courts. The provision remained in effect until a new constitution was introduced, and meant that those detained could remain in jail for that long according to state-run Egy News. On 14 August 2013, the acting president of Egypt, Adly Mansour declared a state of emergency for one month in response to the Rabaa massacre which was further extended by another two months. ==Details of the law== During a state of emergency, police powers are extended, constitutional rights are suspended, censorship is legalised and ''habeas corpus'' is abolished. It limits non-governmental political activity, including street demonstrations, unapproved political organizations and unregistered financial donations.〔 It permits indefinite detention without trial and hearings of civilians by military courts, prohibits gatherings of more than five people, and limits speech and association.〔 The Mubarak government has cited the threat of terrorism in extending emergency law,〔 claiming that opposition groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood could gain power in Egypt if the government did not forgo parliamentary elections and suppress the group through emergency law. This has led to the imprisonment of activists without trial, illegal, undocumented and hidden detention facilities and the rejection of university, mosque and newspaper staff based on their political affiliation. A December 2010 parliamentary election was preceded by a media crackdown, arrests, candidate bans (particularly Muslim Brotherhood candidates) and allegations of fraud due to the near-unanimous victory by the NDP in parliament.〔 Human-rights organizations estimate that in 2010, between 5,000 and 10,000 people were in long-term detention without charge or trial. Some 17,000 people were detained under the law, and estimates of political prisoners were as high as 30,000. Under a state of emergency, the government is empowered to imprison individuals for any period of time, and for virtually no reason. The government justified this by claiming that opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in Egypt if the then-current government did not forgo parliamentary elections, confiscate the groups' main financiers' possessions, and detain group figureheads, actions which would be virtually impossible without imposing emergency law and preventing the judicial system's independence. Pro-democracy advocates in Egypt argued that this went against the principles of democracy, which include a citizen's right to a fair trial and their right to vote for whichever candidate and/or party they deem fit to run their country. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emergency law in Egypt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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